Reading, writing, and learning in ESL: a resource book for teaching K-12 English learners

Machine generated contents note: Who Are English Learners and How Can I Get to Know Them?

Learning about Your Students' Languages and Cultures

Getting Basic Information When a New Student Arrives

Classroom Activities That Help You Get to Know Your Students

How Do Cultural Differences Affect Teaching and Learning?

Definitions of Culture

Who Am I in the Lives of My Students?

Becoming an Effective Participant[—]Observer in Your Own Classroom

Sociocultural Factors Affecting Language Use in the Classroom

Culturally Related Responses to Classroom Organization

Literacy Traditions from Home and Community

How Can I Ease New Students into the Routines of My Classroom?

First Things First: Safety and Security

Creating a Sense of Belonging

How Do Current Policy Trends Affect English Learner Education?

Academic Standards and Assessment

Common Core State Standards (CCSS)

English Language Development Standards and Assessment

Curriculum Standards, High-Stakes Testing, and "No Child Left Behind"

Socioeconomic Status: Predictor of Standardized Test Scores

Education Policy Specific to English Learners

Newer Technologies: Purposes, Policies, and Assessments

What Kinds of Programs Exist to Meet the Needs of English Learners?

English Learner Program Models

Research on Bilingual and ESL Programs Serving English Learners

Summary

Internet Resources

Activities

How Have Language Proficiency and Communicative Competence Been Defined?

Language Use in Social Context: A Classroom Conversation

Bilingual Communicative Competence

Figurative Language

What Is Academic Language?

Contrasting Social and Academic Language

Academic Language Qualities

Academic Language Functions

Academic Language Linguistic Features

The Role of Background Knowledge in Academic Language Use

How Does Language Relate to Power, Social Standing, and Identity?

Language as an Instrument and Symbol of Power

Language or Dialect?

How a Dialect Becomes the "Standard" Language

How Language Variety Affects the Power and Prestige of Its Users

The Role of a Standard Language

Misuse of the Term Dialect

What Theories Have Been Proposed to Explain Language Acquisition?

First Language Acquisition Theories

Behaviorist Theory

Innatist Theory

Interactionist Theory

Summary of First Language Acquisition Theories

Second Language Acquisition Theories

Behaviorist Perspective

Innatist Perspective

Krashen's Five Hypotheses

Interactionist Perspective

Summary of Second Language Acquisition Theories

What Are Some Traits and Sequences in English Language Acquisition?

Interlanguage and Fossilization

Developmental Sequences in English Language Acquisition

What Factors Influence Second Language Development in School?

Social Context of the Language Learning Environment

Primary Language Development

Age and the Interplay of Sociocultural and Psychological Factors

Sociocultural Factors

Personality Factors

Cognitive Factors

Teacher Expectations and Learner Errors

Summary

Internet Resources

Activities

How Do Curriculum Standards Serve English Learners?

How Is Instruction Differentiated to Meet the Varied Needs of English Learners?

How Is Sheltered Instruction (SDAIE) Planned and Implemented?

A Science Example with Fourth-Graders

A Literature Example with Kindergartners

A Social Science Example with High School Students

Planning for Differentiated, Sheltered English Instruction/SDAIE

Response to Intervention (RTI)

How Does Group Work Facilitate Content and Language Learning?

Collaborative Groups

Cooperative Learning Methods

Phases of Cooperative Group Development

Jigsaw

How Does Thematic Instruction Promote Content and Language Learning?

Organizing Thematic Instruction

Meaning and Purpose

Building on Prior Knowledge

Integrated Opportunities to Use Oral and Written Language for Learning Purposes

Scaffolding for Support

Collaboration

Variety

Functional and Academic Literacy Uses in Thematic Instruction

Creating Variety in Language and Literacy Uses

Scaffolding

Routines as Scaffolds

Literacy Scaffolds for English Learners

How Are English Learners Assessed?

Definition and Purposes of English Learner Assessment

Basic Concepts and Terms Used in Assessment

Identification and Placement of Students Needing Language Education Support Services

Re-Designation to Fully English Proficient

Limitations of Standardized Language Proficiency Tests

Program Evaluation

Principles of Classroom-Based Assessment

Keeping Cultural Considerations in Mind

Planning Systematic, Classroom-Based Assessment

Summary

Internet Resources

Activities

What Are the New Literacies for 21st-Century Technologies?

How Can We Help Students Use the Internet Effectively and Safely?

Comparing Online Reading and Traditional Reading

The Importance of Safe, Responsible, and Ethical Internet Use

Helping Students Evaluate Websites: Bias, Reliability, and Accuracy

How Can Teachers Use Technology to Differentiate Instruction for English Learners?

How May Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 Be Used for Academic Learning?

Using Web 1.0 for Classroom Learning

Scavenger Hunts

WebQuests

Individual and Group Research Projects

Using Web 2.0 for Classroom Learning

Blogs

Classroom Uses of Blogs

Wikis

Classroom Uses of Wikis

Podcasts and Videos

Classroom Uses of Podcasts and Videos

Social Networking

Classroom Sites Where You Can Restrict Access

Why and How You Might Use Social Networking in the Classroom

Teacher Networking Sites

What Are Some Additional Tools and Resources for Teachers?

RSS: Keeping Track of New Information on Your Favorite Sites

A Glimpse of the Future

Summary

Internet Resources

Activities

Why Is an Integrated Approach to English Language Arts Important?

Functional Integration of Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing

Developmental Relationships among Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing

Oral Language in Perspective

Form, Function, and Social Context in Oral Language Use

What Traits Describe the Oral Proficiency of Beginning and Intermediate English Learners?

Second Language Oral Proficiency of Beginning English Learners

Second Language Oral Proficiency of Intermediate English Learners

What Are Some Strategies That Promote Oral Language Development?

Using Games for English Language Development

Podcasts to Enhance English Learning in Your Classroom

Songs

Drama

Dramatizing Poetry

Show and Tell

One Looks, One Doesn't

Recording Students' Re-Creations of Wordless Book Stories

Recording and Dubbing a Television Show

Choral Reading

Riddles and Jokes

What Are Some Academic Language Features of Oral Instruction in Math, Science, and Social Studies?

Academic Language Features of Mathematics

Academic Language Features of Science

Academic Language Features of Social Studies

Facilitating Oral Language Development during Academic Instruction

Teacher Talk during Academic Instruction

Scaffolding Student Use of Oral Language for Academic Purposes

How May We Assess English Learners' Oral Language Competence?

The Student Oral Language Observation Matrix

Example of a SOLOM Observation and Scoring

Instructional Implications Based on SOLOM Scoring

Checklists and Anecdotal Observations

How May Content Instruction Be Differentiated to Promote Oral Language Development?

Summary

Internet Resources

Activities

What Does Research Tell Us about Early Literacy Development?

Historical Overview of Early Literacy Instruction

Reading Readiness Perspective

Emergent Literacy Perspective

Balanced Comprehensive Literacy Perspective

Early Literacy Development in English as a Non-Native Language

Whole-Part-Whole Cycle for English Learners of All Ages

Special Needs of Older, Preliterate Learners

New Literacies and English Language Learners

Which Print Functions and Forms Are Acquired during Early Literacy Development?

Highlighting Literacy Functions in Your Classroom

Print Concepts Children Develop in the Emergent Literacy Phase

Exploring the Visual Form of Written Language

Alphabetic Writing Systems: Connecting Sounds and Symbols

Invented Spelling: Working Out Sound/Symbol Correspondences

How May Family and Community Nurture Early Literacy Development?

Family Practices That Promote Literacy Development

Family Literacy Programs

Promoting Parent Involvement in English Learners' Schooling

Making Parent Involvement a School-Wide Goal

Taking School Activities Home

Which Classroom Strategies Promote Early Literacy Development?

Early Literacy Goals

Creating a Literacy-Rich Classroom Environment

Books, Books, Books!

Using Daily Routines to Highlight the Forms and Functions of Print

Morning Message

Classroom Rules and Procedures

Wall Dictionary

Reading Aloud to Students

Shared Writing and Reading Using the Language Experience Approach

Dialogue Journals

Helping Students Recognize and Spell Words Independently

Using Big Books to Teach Sight Words and Phonics

Strategies to Increase Students' Sight Word Vocabulary

Phonics

Word Families

Invented Spelling and Word Recognition

Developmental Levels in Student Spelling

Note continued: Summary of Early Literacy Instructional Strategies

How May English Learners' Early Literacy Development Be Assessed?

How May Early Literacy Instruction Be Differentiated for English Learners?

Summary

Internet Resources

Activities

What Does Research Show about English Learners' Vocabulary Development?

What Kinds of Words Do Students Need to Know?

How Do Students Learn New Words?

How Do We Differentiate Vocabulary Assessment and Instruction?

English Language Proficiency Considerations

Primary Language Proficiency Considerations

Vocabulary Assessment Prior to Instruction

Planning Differentiated Vocabulary Instruction

Fifth-Grade Science Lesson: Differentiated Instruction

Dictionaries as a Resource for Differentiating Instruction

Picture Dictionaries

Bilingual Dictionaries

Monolingual Language Learner Dictionaries

What Are Some Beginning and Intermediate English Learner Characteristics and Teaching Strategies?

Beginning English Learner Characteristics and Teaching Strategies

Total Physical Response (TPR)

Web Tools for Learning Vocabulary

Read-Alouds

Word Cards

Word Wall Dictionary

Working with Idioms

Intermediate English Learner Characteristics and Teaching Strategies

Word Wheels

Language Wheels for Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, and Cognates

Vocabulary Self-Collection Strategy

Word Wizard

Contextual Redefinition

List[—]Group[—]Label[—]Map for Elementary and Secondary Students

List

Group

Label

Vocabulary Journals

Teaching Students How to Use Dictionaries Effectively

Teaching Prefixes and Suffixes

Word Learning Strategies Older Students Found Useful

How Do We Assess ELs' Vocabulary Progress?

Summary

Internet Resources

Activities

What Does Research Tell Us about Writing in a Second Language?

What Is Process Writing and How Does It Benefit English Learners?

Students' Responses to "I Remember"

How Does Process Writing Benefit English Learners?

What Are the Six Traits of Good Writing and How Can They Help English Learners?

Using Webtools with Process Writing: Blogs and Wikis

What Are Some Collaborative Contexts for Process Writing?

Peer Response Groups

A Sixth-Grade Class Works in Response Groups

Peer Editing Groups

Publishing Student Writing

What Are Some Beginning and Intermediate English Learner Characteristics and Teaching Strategies?

Description of Beginning Writers

Strategies to Assist Beginning Writers

Oral Discussion and Brainstorming Ideas

Partner Stories Using Pictures and Wordless Books

Concept Books: Creating a Teaching Library

Peek-a-Boo Books for Younger Students and Riddle Books for Older Students

Pattern Poems for Elementary and Secondary School Students

From Personal Journals to Dialogue Journals to Buddy Journals

Improvisational Sign Language

Life Murals

Clustering

Freewriting

Description of Intermediate Writers

Strategies for Intermediate Writers

Show and Not Tell

Sentence Combining

Sentence Shortening

Sentence Models

Student Examples of the Model

Voice

Mapping

How Can We Assess English Learners' Writing Progress and Differentiate Instruction?

Portfolio Assessment

Balancing Goals: Fluency, Form, and Correctness

Balancing Instruction: Scaffolds, Models, and Direct Instruction

Helping Students Deal with Errors in Their Writing

Example of a Differentiated Lesson Plan for English Learners

Summary

Internet Resources

Activities

What Does Research Tell Us about Reading in a Second Language?

Second Language Readers

What Role Does Background Knowledge Play in English Learners' Reading Comprehension?

Reading Processes of Proficient Readers

What Is Metacognition? "Thinking about Thinking"

What Role Does Text Structure Play in Reading Comprehension?

Why Is Internet Reading Thought of as a New Literacy?

How Do Guided Reading, Literature Study, and Independent Reading Promote Literacy?

Guided Reading

Literature Study: Response Groups

Steps That Prepare Students to Work in Response Groups

How Literature Response Benefits English Learners

How Can We Encourage Independent Reading?

Approaches to Independent Reading

Helping Students Choose Books of Appropriate Difficulty

What Are the Characteristics and Strategies for Beginning and Intermediate Second Language Readers?

Beginning Second Language Readers: Characteristics and Strategies

Language-Experience Approach

Providing Quality Literature for Beginners

Pattern Books

Illustrating Stories and Poems

Shared Reading with Big Books

Directed Listening-Thinking Activity

Readers' Theater

Story Mapping

Intermediate Second Language Readers: Characteristics and Strategies

Cognitive Mapping

Directed Reading-Thinking Activity

Literature Response Journals

Developing Scripts for Readers' Theater

Adapting Stories into Plays and Skits for Live or Video presentations

How Do We Assess Second Language Readers' Progress?

Assessing with Materials Students Bring to Class

Informal Assessment

Miscue Analysis

Miscue Procedure

Interpreting Miscues

Informal Reading Inventories

Running Records

Other Reading Assessment Resources

Portfolio Assessment

Student Self-Assessment

How Do We Differentiate Reading and Literature Instruction?

Summary

Internet Resources

Activities

What Does Research Tell Us about Content Area Reading and Writing for English Learners?

Looking Closely at the Reading Process of Mature Readers

Resources That English Learners Bring to Reading in English

How Do Readers Interact with Longer, More Complex Texts?

Aesthetic and Efferent Interactions with Texts

Effects of Text Structure on Comprehension and Memory

Cohesive Ties/Signal Words

Headings and Subheadings

Teaching Text Structure: A Classroom Example

Literary Structure

Discussion of Story Elements

Metacognition and Learning from Text

How Can We Match Students with Texts for Optimal Learning?

Evaluating Students' Interaction with Text Using the Group Reading Inventory

Evaluating Your Own Interaction with One Text

Which Strategies Promote Reading Comprehension?

Prereading Strategies: Developing Motivation, Purpose, and Background Knowledge

Teacher Talk: Making Purposes Clear

Field Trips and Films

Simulation Games

Using Newer Technologies to Enhance Comprehension

Experiments

Developing Vocabulary before Students Read a Text

Structured Overviews

Preview Guides

Anticipation Guides

During Reading Strategies: Monitoring Comprehension

Using Headings and Subheadings

Directed Reading-Thinking Activity (DR-TA)

Guided Reading

ReQuest Procedure

Vocabulary Strategies during Reading

Using Clustering to Develop Vocabulary in Context

Jigsaw Procedure

Learning Logs

How Can We Assess Students and Differentiate Instruction for Content Reading?

Summary

Internet Resources

Activities

Which Postreading Strategies Are Effective with English Learners and Why?

Semantic Feature Analysis for Vocabulary Development after Reading

Strategies to Organize and Remember Information

Rehearsing

Venn Diagrams

Mapping

Reciprocal Teaching

Summarizing and Rehearsing Information with Mapping

How Can Writing Be Used as a Learning Tool across the Curriculum?

Journals and Learning Logs

Developing Teacher- and Student-Generated Topics in Content Areas

Photo Essays: Combining Direct Experience, the Visual Mode, and Writing

Written and Oral Collaborative Research Projects

K-W-L, a Strategy That Fosters Thinking before, during, and after Reading

How Do Theme Studies Provide a Meaningful Learning Context for English Learners?

Introducing the Topic and Choosing Study Questions

Organizing Instruction

Instructional Modifications for English Learners

How Can Content Learning Be Assessed?

Portfolio Assessment

Selecting Materials for the Portfolio

Evaluating Portfolios

Using Multiple Measures for Assessment

How May Content Area Instruction Be Differentiated for English Learners?

Summary

Internet Resources

Activities.

English learners in school

Second language acquisition

Classroom practices for English learner instruction

Oral language development in second language acquisition

Emergent literacy : English learners beginning to write and read

Words and meaning : English learners' vocabulary development

English learners and process writing

Reading and literature instruction for English learners

Content reading and writing : prereading and during reading

Content reading and writing : postreading strategies for organizing and remembering

Reading assessment and instruction.