Stuttering: the search for a cause and cure

The problem

From Aristotle to Freud

The search for psychodynamics

The Orton-Travis theory of cerebral dominance

A medical model for stuttering

Iowa therapy

The diagnosogenic theory

Stuttering as an anticipatory avoidance reaction

Learning theories

Drug therapy

Stuttering as a perceptual defect

Behavior therapy

The search for brain differences

Stuttering and heredity

The inception of stuttering

The treatment of early stuttering

The treatment of developed stuttering

Self-help groups

Conclusion.